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FEATURED STORIES - MAY 2017

"Performance Study of a Large Monolithic LYSO PET Detector With Accurate Photon DOI Using Retroreflector Layers"

by Andrea González-Montoro, Albert Aguilar, Gabriel Cañizares, Pablo Conde, Liczandro Hernández, Luis F. Vidal, Matteo Galasso, Andrea Fabbri, Filomeno Sánchez, José M. Benlloch, and Antonio J. González


Clinical and organ-dedicated PET systems typically require a high efficiency imposing the use of thick scintillators, normally through crystal arrays. To provide depth of interaction (DOI) information, two or more layers are sometimes mounted in the staggered or phoswich approach. In this paper, we are proposing an alternative using thick and large monolithic crystals. We have tested two surface treatments for a 50 mm ×50 mm ×20 mm LYSO block. We provide data in this paper as close as 5 mm to the lateral walls. We left those walls black painted and the exit face coupled to the photosensor (12×12 SiPM array) polished. The entrance face was: 1) black painted or 2) coupled to a retroreflector (RR) layer. These configurations keep a good DOI linearity and, on average, reached 4 mm DOI resolution, measured as the full width at half of the maximum. Approaches using RR layers return constant and good energy resolutions nearing 12%, compared to a range of 15%–16% in the case of totally black painted blocks. The best result concerning the detector spatial resolution was obtained when one of the smallest RR was used (120 μm corner cube size), being 1.7 mm at the entrance crystal layer and 0.7 mm in the layer closest to the photosensor. These values worsen at least 30% for the black treatment case.more...
 
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"An Innovative Proton Tracking System for Qualification of Particle Beam in Real-Time"

by Domenico Lo Presti, Giuseppe Gallo, Danilo L. Bonanno, Fabio Longhitano, Daniele G. Bongiovanni, Santo Reito, Nunzio Randazzo, Emanuele Leonora, Valeria Sipala, and Francesco Tommasino


This paper describes an innovative beam diagnostic and monitoring system composed of a position sensitive detector and a residual range detector (RRD), based on scintillating optical fibers and on an innovative read-out strategy and reconstruction algorithm. The distinguishing feature of these detectors is the possibility to work in imaging conditions (i.e., a particle at a time up to one million particles per second) and in therapy conditions up to one billion particles per second. The combined use of the two detectors allows the particle radiography of an object. In therapy conditions, in particular, the system measures the position, the profiles, the energy and the fluence of the beam. The position detector consists of two identical overlying and orthogonal planes each of which consists of two layers of prealigned and juxtaposed scintillating fibers. The 500 µm square section fibers are optically coupled to two silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays using a channel reduction system patented by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. The RRD consists of 60 parallel layers of the same fibers used in the position detector each of which is optically coupled to an SiPM array by wavelength shifting fibers. After being fully characterized at CATANA proton therapy center, the performance of the prototypes was tested at Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Italy, proton irradiation facility in June 2016.more...
 
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"Model-Based Normalization of a Fractional-Crystal Collimator for Small-Animal PET Imaging"

by Sharmili Roy, Dennis Lai-Hong Cheong, Jianhua Yan, John J. Totman, Thian Ng, Lih Kin Khor, Julian Goh, and Ivan W. K. Tham


Previously, we proposed to use a coincidence collimator to achieve fractional-crystal resolution in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We have designed and fabricated a collimator prototype for a small-animal PET scanner (A-PET). To compensate for imperfections in the fabricated collimator prototype, collimator normalization, as well as scanner normalization, is required to reconstruct quantitative and artifact-free images. In this paper, we develop a normalization method for the collimator prototype based on the A-PET normalization using a uniform cylinder phantom. We performed data acquisition without the collimator for scanner normalization first, and then with the collimator from eight different rotation views for collimator normalization. After a reconstruction without correction, we extracted the cylinder parameters from which we generated expected emission sinograms. Single scatter simulation was used to generate the scattered sinograms. We used the least-squares method to generate the normalization coefficient for each line of response (LOR) based on measured, expected, and scattered sinograms. The scanner and collimator normalization coefficients were factorized by performing two normalizations separately. The normalization methods were also verified using experimental data acquired from A-PET with and without the collimator. In summary, we developed a model-based collimator normalization that can significantly reduce variance and produce collimator normalization with adequate statistical quality within feasible scan time. more...
 
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"Effect of Brain Tissue and Continuous Template-Based Skull in MR-Based Attenuation Correction for Brain PET/MR"

by J. Teuho, J. Tuisku, A. Karlsson, J. Linden, and M. Teräs


For quantitative and visually consistent brain imaging on positron emission tomography magnetic resonance imaging systems, a minimum of three tissue classes are needed for MR-based attenuation correction (MRAC): soft tissue, air, and bone. However, gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have a higher attenuation value than soft tissue. In addition, a continuous µ-value for bone is desired as bone density varies across the skull. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of brain tissue and implemented a continuous template-based skull for MRAC, using a previously introduced tissue-probability-based attenuation correction (TPB-AC) method. The method allows deriving an MR-based attenuation map (µ-map) from T1-weighted MR images. The procedures to implement GM, WM, CSF, and continuous skull to TPB-AC method are described. MR-based µ-maps with 3, 4, and 6 tissue classes using discrete segmentation-based and continuous template-based skull were created. The 3-class µ-map included air, soft tissue, and bone. The 4-class µ-map included an additional brain tissue class defined as the mean value of GM, WM, and CSF. The 6-class µ-map included all individual tissue classes. A visual and quantitative comparison of PET images reconstructed with six different MR-based µ-maps was performed by using computed tomography (CT)-based attenuation correction (CTAC) as reference. more...
 
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A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE NUCLEAR AND PLASMA SCIENCES SOCIETY

MAY 2017   |  VOLUME 1  |  NUMBER 3  |  ITRPFI  |  (SSN 2469-7311)

EDITORIAL
Trends in Radiation Medical Sciences: Instrumentation and Imaging Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. S. Karp and R. E. Carson

SCINTILLATORS AND DETECTORS
Development of a New PET Detector With Depth-Encoding Capability Using Wavelength-Shifting Fiber Readout . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. J. An, Y. H. Chung, E. Min, S.-J. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Kim, and K. Lee
Noise Reduction in Silicon Photomultipliers for Use in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Mazzillo, D. Mello, P. P. Barbarino, M. Romeo, Y. Musienko, A. Sciuto, S. Libertino, S. Lombardo, and G. Fallica
Impact of Lubberts Effect on Amorphous Selenium Indirect Conversion Avalanche Detector for Medical X-Ray Imaging . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. M. Arnab and M. Z. Kabir
Performance Study of a Large Monolithic LYSO PET Detector With Accurate Photon DOI Using Retroreflector Layers . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. González-Montoro,
     A. Aguilar, G. Cañizares, P. Conde, L. Hernández, L. F. Vidal, M. Galasso, A. Fabbri, F. Sánchez, J. M. Benlloch,   and   A. J. González


CAMERA DESIGN AND IMAGING PERFORMANCE
Quantitative Measurement of Dual-Radioisotopes of Technetium-99m and Iodine-123 in Blood Samples With a Cadmium-Telluride-
     Based Counting Device
. . . . . . A. Suzuki, W. Takeuchi, T. Ishitsu, I. Takahashi, Y. Ueno, K. Kobashi, N. Kubo, T. Shiga, and N. Tamaki

IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION AND DATA PROCESSING
Effect of Brain Tissue and Continuous Template-Based Skull in MR-Based Attenuation Correction for Brain PET/MR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. Teuho, J. Tuisku, A. Karlsson, J. Linden, and M. Teräs
Model-Based Normalization of a Fractional-Crystal Collimator for Small-Animal PET Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y. Li, S. Matej, J. S. Karp, and S. D. Metzler

RADIATION THERAPY
An Innovative Proton Tracking System for Qualification of Particle Beam in Real-Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Lo Presti,
     G. Gallo,   D. L. Bonanno,   F. Longhitano,   D. G. Bongiovanni,   S. Reito,   N. Randazzo,   E. Leonora,   V. Sipala, and  F. Tommasino


PLASMA MEDICINE
Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Infected Skin Tissue: Evaluation of Sterility, Viability, and Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R. Laurita, A. Miserocchi,   M. Ghetti,   M. Gherardi,  A. Stancampiano,  V. Purpura,  D. Melandri,  P. Minghetti,  E. Bondioli,   and   V. Colombo


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