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FEATURED STORIES - AUGUST 2017

"Measurement of Cosmic Ray and Trapped Proton LET Spectra on the STS-95 HOST Mission"

by E. G. Stassinopoulos, J. L. Barth, and C. A. Stauffer


This paper reports on in situ measurements of the linear energy transfer spectra of galactic cosmic rays and their progeny and of trapped Van Allen belt protons as recorded by a pulse height analyzer (PHA) radiation spectrometer which flew on the STS-95 DISCOVERY mission on the Hubble Orbital Systems Test cradle. The shuttle was launched on October 29, 1998 and had a mission duration of 8.5 days during the minimum phase of the solar activity cycle. The orbit of the STS-95 was about 550 km altitude and 28.5° inclination. Close agreement was seen between radiation environment model predictions and the measurements of the PHA. Agreement is obtained by considering the directionality of the radiation interacting with the shuttle structure.more...
 
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"Total Ionizing Dose Influence on the Single Event Effect Sensitivity in Samsung 8Gb NAND Flash Memories"

by Larry D. Edmonds, Farokh Irom, and Gregory R. Allen


A recent model provides risk estimates for the deprogramming of initially programmed floating gates via prompt charge loss produced by an ionizing radiation environment. The environment can be a mixture of electrons, protons, and heavy ions. The model requires several input parameters. This paper extends the model to include TID effects in the control circuitry by including one additional parameter. Parameters intended to produce conservative risk estimates for the Samsung 8 Gb SLC NAND flash memory are given, subject to some qualifications. more...
 
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"Understanding Charge Collection Mechanisms in InGaAs FinFETs Using High-Speed Pulsed-Laser Transient Testing With Tunable Wavelength"

by Kai Ni, Andrew L. Sternberg, En Xia Zhang, John A. Kozub, Rong Jiang, Ronald D. Schrimpf, Robert A. Reed, Daniel M. Fleetwood, Michael L. Alles, Dale McMorrow, Jianqiang Lin, Alon Vardi, and Jesús del Alamo


A tunable wavelength laser system and highresolution transient capture system are introduced to characterize transients in high-mobility MOSFETs. The experimental configuration enables resolution of fast transient signals and new understanding of charge collection mechanisms. The channel layer is critical in the charge collection process for the InGaAs FinFETs examined here. The transient current mainly comes from the channel current, due to shunt effects and parasitic bipolar effects, instead of the junction collection. The charge amplification factor is found to be as high as 14, which makes this technology relatively sensitive to transient radiation. The peak current is inversely proportional to the device gate length. Simulations show that the parasitic bipolar effect is due to sourceto-channel barrier lowering caused by hole accumulation in the source and channel. Charge deposited in the channel causes prompt current, while charge deposited below the channel causes delayed and slow current. more...
 
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A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE NUCLEAR AND PLASMA SCIENCES SOCIETY

AUGUST 2017   |  VOLUME 64  |  NUMBER 8  |  IETNAE  |  (SSN 0018-9499)

PART I OF TWO PARTS

SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE 2016 CONFERENCE ON RADIATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON
COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS (RADECS), Bremen, Germany, September 19–23, 2016

EDITORIAL
Comments by the Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. M. Fleetwood, D. Brown, S. Girard, S. Gerardin, H. Quinn, D. Kobayashi, I. S. Esqueda, W. Robinson, and S. Moss
List of Reviewers

Measurement of Cosmic Ray and Trapped Proton LET Spectra on the STS-95 HOST Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. G. Stassinopoulos, J. L. Barth, and C. A. Stauffer
High-Energy Electron-Induced SEUs and Jovian Environment Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Tali, R. G. Alía, M. Brugger, V. Ferlet-Cavrois, R. Corsini, W. Farabolini, A. Mohammadzadeh, G. Santin, and A. Virtanen
Benchmarking Ionizing Space Environment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . S. Bourdarie, C. Inguimbert, D. Standarovski, J.-R. Vaillé, A. Sicard-Piet, D. Falguere, R. Ecoffet, C. Poivey, and E. Lorfèvre
Heavy-Ion-Induced Degradation in SiC Schottky Diodes: Incident Angle and Energy Deposition Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Javanainen, M. Turowski, K. F. Galloway, C. Nicklaw,
      V. Ferlet-Cavrois, A. Bosser, J.-M. Lauenstein, M. Muschitiello,  F. Pintacuda,  R. A. Reed,  R. De Schrimpf,  R. A. Weller,  and  A. Virtanen

Experimental and Simulation Studies of the Effects of Heavy-Ion Irradiation on HfO2-Based RRAM Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Alayan, M. Bagatin, S. Gerardin, A. Paccagnella, L. Larcher, E. Vianello, E. Nowak, B. De Salvo, and L. Perniola
Total Ionizing Dose Influence on the Single Event Effect Sensitivity in Samsung 8Gb NAND Flash Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . L. D. Edmonds, F. Irom, and G. R. Allen
Floating Gate Dosimeter Suitability for Accelerator-Like Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Brucoli, S. Danzeca, M. Brugger, A. Masi, A. Pineda, J. Cesari, L. Dusseau, and F. Wrobel
Total Ionizing Dose Response of Multiple-Gate Nanowire Field Effect Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     M. Gaillardin, C. Marcandella, M. Martinez, O. Duhamel, T. Lagutere, P. Paillet, M. Raine, N. Richard, F. Andrieu, S. Barraud, and M. Vinet
Understanding Charge Collection Mechanisms in InGaAs FinFETs Using High-Speed Pulsed-Laser Transient Testing With Tunable
      Wavelength
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. Ni, A. L. Sternberg, E. X. Zhang,
      J. A. Kozub,   R. Jiang,   R. D. Schrimpf,   R. A. Reed,   D. M. Fleetwood,   M. L. Alles,   D. McMorrow,   J. Lin,  A. Vardi  and J. del Alamo

Modeling Single-Event Transient Propagation in a SiGe BiCMOS Direct-Conversion Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Ildefonso, I. Song, G. N. Tzintzarov, Z. E. Fleetwood, N. E. Lourenco, M. T. Wachter, and J. D. Cressler
Investigation of Electrical Latchup and SEL Mechanisms at Low Temperature for Applications Down to 50 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Al Youssef, L. Artola, S. Ducret, G. Hubert, and F. Perrier
Impact of Temporal Masking of Flip-Flop Upsets on Soft Error Rates of Sequential Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. M. Chen, N. N. Mahatme,
     Z. J. Diggins,    L. Wang,    E. X. Zhang,    Y. P. Chen,    Y. N. Liu,   B. Narasimham,   A. F. Witulski,   B. L. Bhuva,   and   D. M. Fleetwood

Analysis of SEL on Commercial SRAM Memories and Mixed-Field Characterization of a Latchup Detection Circuit for LEO Space
     Applications
. . . . . . . . R. Secondo, R. G. Alía, P. Peronnard, M. Brugger, A. Masi, S. Danzeca, A. Merlenghi, J.-R. Vaillé, and L. Dusseau
Estimating Single-Event Logic Cross Sections in Advanced Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. C. Harrington, J. S. Kauppila,
      K. M. Warren,  Y. P. Chen,  J. A. Maharrey,  T. D. Haeffner,  T. D. Loveless,  B. L. Bhuva,  M. Bounasser,  K. Lilja,   and   L. W. Massengill

Effects of Temperature and Supply Voltage on SEU- and SET-Induced Errors in Bulk 40-nm Sequential Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. M. Chen, Z. J. Diggins,
      N. N. Mahatme, L. Wang, E. X. Zhang, Y. P. Chen, H. Zhang, Y. N. Liu, B. Narasimham, A. F. Witulski, B. L. Bhuva, and D. M. Fleetwood

Compact Modeling and Simulation of Heavy Ion-Induced Soft Error Rate in Space Environment: Principles and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. I. Zebrev and A. M. Galimov
Experimental Investigation of Single-Event Transient Waveforms Depending on Transistor Spacing and Charge Sharing in 65-nm CMOS . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Mitrović, M. Hofbauer, B. Goll, K. Schneider-Hornstein, R. Swoboda, B. Steindl, K.-O. Voss,  and  H. Zimmermann
Single-Event Upset Characterization of Common First- and Second-Order All-Digital Phase-Locked Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y. P. Chen, L. W. Massengill, J. S. Kauppila, B. L. Bhuva, W. T. Holman, and T. D. Loveless
Statistical Deviations From the Theoretical Only-SBU Model to Estimate MCU Rates in SRAMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. J. Franco, J. A. Clemente, M. Baylac, S. Rey, F. Villa, H. Mecha, J. A. Agapito, H. Puchner, G. Hubert, and R. Velazco
Analyzing the Influence of the Angles of Incidence and Rotation on MBU Events Induced by Low LET Heavy Ions in a 28-nm
     SRAM-Based FPGA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. Tonfat,
     F. L. Kastensmidt, L. Artola, G. Hubert, N. H. Medina,  N. Added,  V. A. P. Aguiar,  F. Aguirre , E. L. A. Macchione,   and   M. A. G. Silveira

Experimental and Analytical Analysis of Sorting Algorithms Error Criticality for HPC and Large Servers Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Lunardi, H. Quinn, L. Monroe, D. Oliveira, P. Navaux, and P. Rech
Register File Criticality and Compiler Optimization Effects on Embedded Microprocessor Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. M. Lins, L. A. Tambara, F. L. Kastensmidt, and P. Rech
Sensitivity Characterization of a COTS 90-nm SRAM at Ultralow Bias Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. A. Clemente, G. Hubert, F. J. Franco, F. Villa, M. Baylac, H. Mecha, H. Puchner, and R. Velazco
Analyzing the Impact of Fault-Tolerance Methods in ARM Processors Under Soft Errors Running Linux and Parallelization APIs . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. S. Rodrigues, F. Rosa, Á. B. de Oliveira, F. L. Kastensmidt, L. Ost, and R. Reis
Radiation and High-Voltage Tolerant Space CAN Driver in Standard Low-Voltage 3.3-V CMOS Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. J. E. Jansen, S. Lindner, G. Furano, C. Boatella-Polo, and B. Glass
Compact Modeling of MOSFET I –V Characteristics and Simulation of Dose-Dependent Drain Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. I. Zebrev, V. V. Orlov, A. S. Bakerenkov, and V. A. Felitsyn
Error Detection Technique for a Median Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. A. Aranda, P. Reviriego, and J. A. Maestro
ELDRS Susceptibility of Bipolar Transistors and Integrated Circuits During Low-Temperature Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. S. Bakerenkov, V. S. Pershenkov, V. A. Felitsyn, A. S. Rodin, V. A. Telets, V. V. Belyakov, and V. V. Shurenkov
Effects of Channel Implant Variation on Radiation-Induced Edge Leakage Currents in n-Channel MOSFETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. L. McLain, H. J. Barnaby, and G. Schlenvogt
TCAD Simulation of the Single Event Effects in Normally-OFF GaN Transistors After Heavy Ion Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Zerarka, P. Austin, A. Bensoussan F. Morancho, and A. Durier
Fault Modeling and Worst Case Test Vector Generation for Flash-Based FPGAs Exposed to Total Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. A. Abou-Auf, M. M. Abdel-Aziz, M. A. Abdel-Aziz, and A. A. Ammar
Effects of Interface Donor Trap States on Isolation Properties of Detectors Operating at High-Luminosity LHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. Moscatelli, D. Passeri, A. Morozzi, S. Mattiazzo, G.-F. Dalla Betta, M. Dragicevic, and G. M. Bilei
Preliminary Guidelines and Predictions for 14-MeV Neutron SEE Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Weulersse, N. Guibbaud, A.-L. Beltrando, J. Galinat, C. Beltrando, F. Miller, P. Trochet, and D. Alexandrescu
On the Robustness of Stochastic Bayesian Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Coelho, R. Laurent, M. Solinas, J. Fraire, E. Mazer, N.-E. Zergainoh, S. Karaoui, and R. Velazco
Influence of Neutron Irradiation on Electron Traps Induced by NGB Stress in AlInN/GaN HEMTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. Petitdidier, Y. Guhel, G. Brocero, P. Eudeline, J. L. Trolet, P. Mary, C. Gaquière, and B. Boudart
A Comparative Study on TID Influenced Lateral Diffusion of Group 11 Metals Into Gex S1−x and Gex Se1−x Systems: A Flexible Radiation
     Sensor Development Perspective
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     A. Mahmud, Y. Gonzalez-Velo, H. J. Barnaby, M. N. Kozicki, M. Mitkova, K. E. Holbert,  M. Goryll,  T. L. Alford,  J. L. Taggart,  and  W. Chen
Resistance State Locking in CBRAM Cells Due to Displacement Damage Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. L. Taggart, R. Fang,
     Y. Gonzalez-Velo,  H. J. Barnaby,  M. N. Kozicki,  J. L. Pacheco,  E. S. Bielejec,  M. L. McLain,  N. Chamele,  A. Mahmud,  and  M. Mitkova

Gamma Radiation Tests of Radiation-Hardened Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Sensors for Radiation Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. Kuhnhenn, U. Weinand, A. Morana, S. Girard,
      E. Marin, J. Périsse, J. S. Genot, J. Grelin, L. Hutter, G. Mélin, L. Lablonde, T. Robin, B. Cadier, J.-R. Macé, A. Boukenter, and Y. Ouerdane

Irradiation Temperature Influence on the In Situ Measured Radiation Induced Attenuation of Ge-Doped Fibers . . . . . A. Alessi, D. Di Francesca,
      S. Girard, S. Agnello, M. Cannas, I. Reghioua,  L. Martin-Samos,  C. Marcandella,  N. Richard,  P. Paillet,  A. Boukenter,  and  Y. Ouerdane

Cathodoluminescence Characterization of Point Defects in Optical Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Reghioua,
      S. Girard,   M. Raine,   A. Alessi,  D. Di Francesca,  M. Fanetti,  L. Martin-Samos,  N. Richard,  M. Valant,  A. Boukenter,  and  Y. Ouerdane

Characterization of Novel Lightweight Radiation Shielding Materials for Space Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . M. Steffens, F. Hepp, S. K. Höffgen, P. Krzikalla, S. Metzger, F. Pellowski, G. Santin, L. Tiedemann, A. Tighe, and U. Weinand
SEP Protons in GEO Measured With the ESA MultiFunctional Spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. Arruda, P. Gonçalves, I. Sandberg,
     S. A. Giamini, I. A. Daglis, A. Marques, J. C. Pinto, A. Aguilar, P. Marinho, T. Sousa, H. Evans, P. Jiggens, A. Menicucci,  and  P. Nieminen

Ionizing Dose Calculations for Low Energy Electrons in Silicon and Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. Pierron, C. Inguimbert, M. Belhaj, M. Raine, and J. Puech


Conference Author Index


PART II OF TWO PARTS

REGULAR PAPERS

ACCELERATOR TECHNOLOGY

Development of a Low-Q Cavity-Type Beam Position Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. W. Jang, E.-S. Kim, A. Heo, Y. Honda, T. Tauchi, N. Terunuma, and J. G. Hwang
RF Control Optimization and Automation for Normal Conducting Linear Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Z. Geng

RADIATION EFFECTS
Enhanced Radiation Hardness in SOI MOSFET With Embedded Tunnel Diode Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Huang, S. Wei, K. Tang, J. Pan, W. Xu, Y. Wei, Y. Wu, J. Chen, Q. Mei, Z. Zhang, and L. Geng
Electrically Active Defects in Neutron-Irradiated HPSI 4H-SiC X-Ray Detectors Investigated by ZB-TSC Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. V. Raja and N. V. N. Murty

RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION
Probability Distribution of After Pulsing in Passive-Quenched Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G. Kawata, J. Yoshida, K. Sasaki, and R. Hasegawa
Euler’s Elastica Strategy for Limited-Angle Computed Tomography Image Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Duan, L. Li, G. Hu, and B. Yan
Li Co-Doped NaI:Tl (NaIL)—A Large Volume Neutron-Gamma Scintillator With Exceptional Pulse Shape Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. Yang, P. R. Menge, and V. Ouspenski
Real-Time Estimation of Zero Crossings of Sampled Signals for Timing Using Cubic Spline Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. J. Aliaga
A Histogram-DifferenceMethod for Neutron/Gamma Discrimination Using Liquid and Plastic Scintillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. M. French, M. Thevenin, M. Hamel, and E. Montbarbon
Development of a Four-Side Buttable X-Ray Detection Module With Low Dead Area Using the UFXC32k Chips With TSVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. Kasinski, P. Grybos, P. Kmon, P. Maj, R. Szczygiel, and K. Zoschke

REAL TIME SYSTEMS
A Time-to-Digital Converter Based on a Digitally Controlled Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. Cadeddu, A. Aloisio, F. Ameli, V. Bocci, L. Casu, R. Giordano, V. Izzo, A. Lai, A. Loi, and S. Mastroianni

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